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professor john raven much of prof. raven’s research has pointed to the need for paradigm shifts in each of the areas listed below. but the most important of these paradigm shifts has emerged at the very end of this programme of work and, to some degree, points to a need to re-formulate the insights gained in the other areas. the most fundamental of these insights – the significance of which most readers will find hard to grasp – is that behaviour is not mainly determined by the values, talents, and priorities of individuals but by the social systems within which they live and work. put like that, the claim may seem obvious, insignificant, or absurd. but the transformation it points to is as great as the transformation which occurred in physics when the behaviour of moving objects ceased to be explained in terms of the (animated) properties of the objects and the activities of the gods and came to be attributed largely to a network of invisible external forces which acted upon the objects but could nevertheless be measured, mapped and harnessed. the behaviour of everything from the movement of sailing boats to that of the planets came to attributed to these networks of forces – as distinct from the gods and other mysterious processes. key to all this was the conceptualisation and measurement of “force”. to jump forward several steps. if we are to gain control of our destinies as a species, if we are to harness the network of social forces which have the destiny of mankind and the planet in their grip, it will be necessary to understand, map, and find ways of intervening in, this network of forces. the observation applies at organisational as well as societal levels … and, indeed, at the individual level too. there is an important corollary. two things have been blindingly obvious to very many people over the centuries. first, that the centralised, hierarchical, societal management arrangements which depend for their legitimation and operation on the creation of the endless senseless work (such as the manufacture and distribution of junk toys, junk cars, junk foods, and junk defence systems) that is currently destroying our habitat at an exponentially increasing rate would be best replaced by more “organic” arrangements – that is, by arrangements having multiple, non-hierarchical, feedback loops - as occurs in the internal management of bodily processes. yet, over several millennia, all demonstrations of the viability of alternatives based on this observation have been over-ridden by the systems processes which promote division, hierarchy, and destruction. the second oft-repeated observation is that current forms of “democracy” and bureaucracy simply do not work – and in most cases deliver the opposite of what was intended. although it is almost a truism among those familiar with certain variants of what has come to be termed “systems thinking” that common-sense based interventions in poorly understood systems tend to have counter- intuitive, and usually counter-productive, outcomes, the observed consequences of well intentioned social action regularly induce despair among very many people. (the corruption of smith’s principles of public management via the market place into their opposite is perhaps one of the most striking examples.) for these reasons, prof. raven’s current research is primarily directed toward understanding and mapping what may be termed the socio-cybernetic processes involved. (cybernetics is the study of guidance, control, and feedback systems in animals and machines, so socio cybernetics refers to the study of the, largely invisible, social forces and feedback systems which control the operation of society.) all this now having been said, we may now summarise some of the results of some of prof. raven’s earlier research under four headings. in each case, a more detailed summary will be found in a special entry in the “research” section. the nature of competence. one of raven’s conclusions is that all high-level competencies are grounded in value-laden motivational predispositions. further, personal effectiveness depends on the environment engaging with the individual’s motives and triggering relevant behaviour. that done, the effectiveness of the behaviour depends on the individual bringing to bear as many as possible of a series of relatively independent, but cumulative and substitutable, cognitive, affective, and conative components of competence. examples include turning one's emotions into the task, anticipation of obstacles and invention of ways of overcoming them, persuading other people to help, and persistance despite punishment. these components of competence can, however, only be developed, observed, and assessed when people are engaged in activities they are intrinsically strongly motivated to undertake. people’s ability to engage in them cannot be assessed generically, independently of the motives - across motives as it were. it follows that it does not make sense to try to assess such things as "ability to think", "creativity", or "self-confidence" in the way in which psychologists have attempted to do so in the past. this way of thinking points to the need for a descriptive framework, analogous to those found in chemistry and biology, to think about individual differences. one has to identify which activities the individual is strongly motivated to undertake, whether the “environment” engages with those motives, and which components of competence the individual then brings to bear to undertake those tasks. such a descriptive framework is at loggerheads with quest for a series of “variables” – such as “intelligence”, “initiative”, or “introversion” – profiles of scores on which are expected to adequately describe, and account for, individual differences. it follows from what has just been said that such things as “creativity” cannot be measured independently of the activity in the course of which the individual is being expected to display it - and whether or not he or she will display that creativity depends on whether the activity engages his motives. beyond that, success at the activity depends on the individual concerned bringing to bear a number of relatively independent cognitive, affective, and conative components of competence. to make the point another way, it can, with a little exaggeration, be asserted that everyone is creative whilst doing something or other. the question is “whilst undertaking what kinds of activity will they display their creativity?” yet this is not the end of the matter because the competencies an individual can develop and display, can even be said to possess, depend on what other people around him or her are doing. raven’s conclusion is, therefore, that the conceptualisation and assessment of competence demands a paradigm shift in the way psychologists think about, and seek to assess, individual differences. besides pointing to the need for this basic revision of widely accepted conceptual and measurement theory in the area, raven has contributed important studies of particular competencies. examples include parental, teacher, and managerial competence. an unexpected observation arising from this work is that political competence seems to be the most important neglected competence in modern society. the development and assessment of high-level competencies poses serious ethical dilemmas which are perhaps most obvious in relation to the assessment of political competence. nevertheless, the relative dearth of such qualities in society presents enormous problems for our society and the organisations of which it is composed. to anticipate something which will be mentioned in the next section, political competence depends on the exercise of high level systems thinking in connection with the pursuit of certain values … whether those be personal advancement, the advancement of the individual’s firm or organisation, or the survival of our species and the planet. seminal publications includ

URL analysis for johnraven.co.uk

http://www.johnraven.co.uk/./research/res_socio_cyb_forces/res_socio_cyb_forces.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/./research/ed_sys_fail/ed_sys_fail.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/./research/research.html#conceptualisationmeasurementsociecyberneticforces
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/index.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/./research/research.html#measurementdevprog
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/research/research.html#conceptualisationandassessmentofcompetence
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/#top
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/contact/contact.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/research/research.html#measurementdevprog
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/pubs/pubs.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/research/research.html
http://www.johnraven.co.uk/sitemap/sitemap.html
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Whois Information

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Domain name:
johnraven.co.uk

Registrant:
John Raven

Registrant type:
UK Individual

Registrant's address:
30 Great King Street
Edinburgh
EH3 6QH
United Kingdom

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 22-Apr-2013

Registrar:
1 & 1 Internet SE [Tag = 1AND1]
URL: https://www.1and1.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 02-Jul-2006
Expiry date: 02-Jul-2018
Last updated: 01-Jul-2016

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns45.1and1.co.uk 217.160.80.156 2001:08d8:00fe:0053:0000:d9a0:509c:0100
ns46.1and1.co.uk 217.160.81.156 2001:08d8:00fe:0053:0000:d9a0:519c:0100

WHOIS lookup made at 00:17:17 14-Oct-2017

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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER co.uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS johnraven.co.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

OWNER

  ORGANIZATION John Raven

TYPE
UK Individual

ADDRESS
30 Great King Street
Edinburgh
EH3 6QH
United Kingdom
Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 22-Apr-2013

DOMAIN

  SPONSOR 1 & 1 Internet SE [Tag = 1AND1]

  CREATED 2006-07-02

  CHANGED 2016-07-01

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS45.1AND1.CO.UK 217.160.80.156

  NS46.1AND1.CO.UK 217.160.81.156

  NAME johnraven.co.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2017.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at http://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED yes

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